FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH VASCULAR AGING

Abstract

Introduction: Vascular aging is a progressive process characterized by structural and functional changes in the arteries, such as increased arterial stiffness, endothelial dysfunction, and reduced vascular compliance. These changes are associated with an increased cardiovascular risk and are influenced by pathophysiological mechanisms, such as chronic low-grade inflammation, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, arterial hypertension, and cellular senescence, and by behavioral factors, such as physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, smoking, and psychological stress. Objective: To identify and analyze the main factors associated with vascular aging, with emphasis on pathophysiological mechanisms and modifiable behavioral factors. Methodology: This is an integrative literature review conducted using the PubMed and SciELO databases. A total of 18 studies published between 2020 and 2025, in Portuguese and English, were included. The study selection followed the recommendations of the PRISMA method and was carried out between January and June 2025. Results: The main pathophysiological factors identified were chronic low-grade inflammation, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, arterial hypertension, and cellular senescence. Among the behavioral factors, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, smoking, and psychological stress were highlighted. On the other hand, regular physical activity, adherence to a healthy diet, and smoking cessation demonstrated protective effects on vascular function. Conclusion: Vascular aging is characterized as a multifactorial process influenced by the interaction between biological and behavioral factors. Early identification and proper management of these factors are essential for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases and for the promotion of healthy aging.